Science and Research

About Metabolic Syndrome

	Metabolic syndrome and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men: a population-based study. – Jari A. Laukkanen, David E. Laaksonen, Leo Niskanen, Eero Pukkala, Anna Hakkarainen, Jukka T. Salonen. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Vol. 13, 1646-1650, October 2004
	Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): arguably the most common endocrinopathy is associated with significant morbidity in women. – Carmina E, Lobo RA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun;84(6):1897-9.
	High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol and Weight Increase Dementia Risk – American Academy of Neurology
	The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women: antecedent or consequence? – Raikkonen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. CNS Drugs, 2003, 17 (1):27-45
	Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. – Apridonidze T, Essah PA, Iuorno MJ, Nestler JE. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Apr;90(4):1929-35. Epub 2004 Dec 28.
	Metabolic Syndrome With and Without C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. – Naveed Sattar, MD; Allan Gaw, MD; Olga Scherbakova, MSc; Ian Ford, PhD; Denis St.J. O’Reilly, MD; Steven M. Haffner, MD; Chris Isles, MD; Peter W. Macfarlane, DSc; Chris J. Packard, DSc; Stuart M. Cobbe, MD; James Shepherd, MD. Circulation, American Heart Association
	The Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among Arab Americans - Linda A. Jaber, Morton B. Brown, Adnan Hammad, Qian Zhu, William H. Herman Diabetes Care, Jan, 2004
	The Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight Hispanic Youth and the Role of Insulin Sensitivity - Martha L. Cruz, Marc J. Weigensberg, Terry T.-K. Huang, Geoff Ball, Gabriel Q. Shaibi, and Michael I. Goran. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89(1):108–113
	Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and mortality: Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness. – Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Janssen I, et al.: Diabetes Care 28:391–397, 2005.
	Adrenocortical, Autonomic, and Inflammatory Causes of the Metabolic Syndrome – E.J. Brunner, PhD; H. Hemingway, MRCP; B.R. Walker, MD; M. Page, MRes; P. Clarke, PhD; M. Juneja, BSc; M.J. Shipley, MSc; M. Kumari, PhD; R. Andrew, PhD; J.R. Seckl, MBBS, PhD; A. Papadopoulos, PhD; S. Checkley, FRCP; A. Rumley, PhD; G.D.O. Lowe, MD, FRCP; S.A. Stansfeld, PhD; M.G. Marmot, PhD, FRCP, Circulation. 2002;106:2659
	Study Finds Possible Mechanism for Link Between Sleep Disturbances and Metabolic Syndrome – NIH News, National Institutes of Health
	Circulation: – Journal of the American Heart Association, 8.23.04

About Insulin Resistance

	Insulin Resistance - Risk of Early Heart Disease – Reuters Aug 9, 2001
	Alternative Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes – Lucy Dey MD, Chun-Su Yuan MD PHD
	The role of insulin, insulin growth factor, and insulin-degrading enzyme in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. – Messier C, Teutenberg K.School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Neural Plast. 2005;12(4):311-28
	Risk Factors and Life Expectancy Project, University of Buffalo, results presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Epidemiological Research. – Paolo Muti MD, Jain Liu, Maurizio Trevisan MD, Alessandro Menotti, University of Buffalo
	Relationship between Insulin Resistance, weight loss and coronary heart disease risk in healthy, obese women – McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Kim HS, Lamendola C, Schaaf P, Reaven G. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
	F as in Fat: How Obesity Policies are Failing in America – Trust for America's Health, 2005.

Ingredients

About Cinnamon

• Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.
  • Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA.
    Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3215-8.
    
    

Insulite OmegaX : Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 and Lipid Profiles

• Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oils: differential associations with lipid responses.
  • Leigh-Firbank EC, Minihane AM, Leake DS, Wright JW, Murphy MC, Griffin BA, Williams CM.
    Br J Nutr. 2002 May;87(5):435-45.
• Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in plasma phospholipids are divergently associated with high density lipoprotein in humans.
  • Bonaa KH, Bjerve KS, Nordoy A.
    Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 Jun;12(6):675-81.
• Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids.
  • Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordoy A.
    Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Sep;66(3):649-59
• Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans.
  • Rambjor GS, Walen AI, Windsor SL, Harris WS.
    Lipids. 1996 Mar;31 Suppl:S45-9.
• Long-term effects of fish oil on insulin resistance and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
  • Rivellese AA, Maffettone A, Iovine C, Di Marino L, Annuzzi G, Mancini M, Riccardi G.
    Diabetes Care. 1996 Nov;19(11):1207-13.
• Increased n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not attenuate the effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity or triacylglycerol reduction in Indian Asians.
  • Brady LM, Lovegrove SS, Lesauvage SV, Gower BA, Minihane AM, Williams CM, Lovegrove JA.
    Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):983-91.

Omega-3 and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

• The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Yam D, Bott-Kanner G, Genin I, Shinitzky M, Klainman E.
    Harefuah. 2001 Dec;140(12):1156-8, 1230. Hebrew
• Fish-oil concentrate: effects on variables related to cardiovascular disease.
  • Flaten H, Hostmark AT, Kierulf P, Lystad E, Trygg K, Bjerkedal T, Osland A.
    Am J Clin Nutr. 1990 Aug;52(2):300-6
• Farmed and wild fish in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: assessing possible differences in lipid nutritional values.
  • Cahu C, Salen P, de Lorgeril M.
    Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004 Feb;14(1):34-41.
• The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?
  • Harris WS, Von Schacky C.
    Prev Med. 2004 Jul;39(1):212-20.
• Dietary fat quality: a nutritional epidemiologist's view.
  • Khor GL.
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;13(Suppl):S22
• Docosahexaenoic acid affects insulin deficiency- and insulin resistance-induced alterations in cardiac mitochondria.
  • Ovide-Bordeaux S, Grynberg A.
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Mar;286(3):R519-27. Epub 2003 Nov 6.
• Fatty acids, triglycerides and syndromes of insulin resistance.
  • Storlien LH, Kriketos AD, Calvert GD, Baur LA, Jenkins AB.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):379-85.
• Fish oil capsules lower in contaminants: study
  • Avis Favaro, CTV News Medical Specialist
    CTV News. 2004; Feb

Omega-3 and Hypertension

• Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on smooth muscle cell functions.
  • Hirafuji M, Ebihara T, Kawahara F, Minami M.
    Life Sci. 1998;62(17-18):1689-93
• Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on intracellular calcium dynamics in vascular smooth muscle cells from normotensive and genetically hypertensive rats.
  • Hirafuji M, Ebihara T, Kawahara F, Nezu A, Taminura A, Saito H, Minami M.
    Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;102(1):29-42.
• Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on vascular pathology and reactivity in hypertension.
  • Engler MM, Engler MB, Pierson DM, Molteni LB, Molteni A.
    Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003 Mar;228(3):299-307.
• Vasorelaxant properties of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in aortas from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.
  • Engler MB, Engler MM, Ursell PC.
    J Cardiovasc Risk. 1994 Jun;1(1):75-80
• Mechanisms of vasorelaxation induced by eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) in WKY rat aorta.
  • Engler MB, Engler MM, Browne A, Sun YP, Sievers R.
    Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;131(8):1793-9.
• Docosahexaenoic acid--induced vasorelaxation in hypertensive rats: mechanisms of action.
  • Engler MB, Engler MM.
    Biol Res Nurs. 2000 Oct;2(2):85-95.
• Calcium-mediated mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid-induced relaxation in hypertensive rat aorta.
  • Engler MB, Ma YH, Engler MM.
    Am J Hypertens. 1999 Dec;12(12 Pt 1-2):1225-35.
• Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits Ca2+ mobilization and PKC activity in vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • Nyby MD, Hori MT, Ormsby B, Gabrielian A, Tuck ML.
    Am J Hypertens. 2003 Sep;16(9 Pt 1):708-14.
• Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on cardiac SR Ca(2+)-release and ryanodine receptor function.
  • Swan JS, Dibb K, Negretti N, O'Neill SC, Sitsapesan R.
    Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Nov 1;60(2):337-46.
• Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, endothelial lipase and atherosclerosis.
  • Das UN.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005 Mar;72(3):173-9.

Omega-3 and Insulin Resistance

• N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?
  • Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, Lucas D.
    Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004 May-Jun;44(3):289-99. Review.
• Skeletal muscle membrane lipids and insulin resistance.
  • Storlien LH, Pan DA, Kriketos AD, O'Connor J, Caterson ID, Cooney GJ, Jenkins AB, Baur LA.
    Lipids. 1996 Mar;31 Suppl:S261-5. Review.
• Fatty acids, triglycerides and syndromes of insulin resistance.
  • Storlien LH, Kriketos AD, Calvert GD, Baur LA, Jenkins AB.
    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):379-85.
• Adverse effect of obesity on red cell membrane arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in gestational diabetes.
  • Min Y, Ghebremeskel K, Lowy C, Thomas B, Crawford MA.
    Diabetologia. 2004 Jan;47(1):75-81. Epub 2003 Nov 22.
• Omega-3 PUFA of marine origin limit diet-induced obesity in mice by reducing cellularity of adipose tissue.
  • Ruzickova J, Rossmeisl M, Prazak T, Flachs P, Sponarova J, Veck M, Tvrzicka E, Bryhn M, Kopecky J.
    Lipids. 2004 Dec;39(12):1177-85.
• In the 19th century, women attacking medicine
  • Dall'Ava-Santucci J.
    Rev Prat. 2005 Jan 15;55(1):110-3.
• N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a review.
  • Nettleton JA, Katz R.
    J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Mar;105(3):428-40. Review.
• Influence of co-administration of oral insulin and docosahexaenoic acid in mice.
  • Adiv OE, Mandel H, Shehadeh N, Knopf C, Shen-Or Z, Shamir R.
    J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Oct;15(10):638-43.
• N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?
  • Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, Lucas D.
    Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004 May-Jun;44(3):289-99. Review.
• Assessment of the influence of fatty acids on indices of insulin sensitivity and myocellular lipid content by use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cats.
  • Wilkins C, Long RC Jr, Waldron M, Ferguson DC, Hoenig M.
    Am J Vet Res. 2004 Aug;65(8):1090-9.

Omega-3 and the Reduction in Inflammatory Markers
Associated with CVD

• C-reactive protein is independently associated with fasting insulin in nondiabetic women.
  • Pradhan AD, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE, Ridker PM.
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Apr 1;23(4):650-5. Epub 2003 Mar 6.
• Insulin resistance, inflammation, and serum fatty acid composition.
  • Fernandez-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W.
    Diabetes Care. 2003 May;26(5):1362-8.
• Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women.
  • Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Willett WC, Rimm EB.
    Circulation. 2003 Jul 15;108(2):155-60. Epub 2003 Jun 23.
• Major dietary patterns are related to plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
  • Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Fung TT, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Manson JE, Hu FB.
    Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):1029-35.
• Consumption of (n-3) fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation in women.
  • Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Albert CM, Rifai N, Willett WC, Hu FB.
    J Nutr. 2004 Jul;134(7):1806-11.
• Background diet influences the anti-inflammatory effect of alpha-linolenic acid in dyslipidaemic subjects.
  • Paschos GK, Rallidis LS, Liakos GK, Panagiotakos D, Anastasiadis G, Votteas V, Zampelas A.
    Br J Nutr. 2004 Oct;92(4):649-55.
• Diet composition and insulin action in animal models.
  • Storlien LH, Higgins JA, Thomas TC, Brown MA, Wang HQ, Huang XF, Else PL.
    Br J Nutr. 2000 Mar;83 Suppl 1:S85-90. Review.
• Dietary alpha-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women.
  • Zhao G, Etherton TD, Martin KR, West SG, Gillies PJ, Kris-Etherton PM.
    J Nutr. 2004 Nov;134(11):2991-7.
• Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: a randomized crossover study.
  • Baer DJ, Judd JT, Clevidence BA, Tracy RP.
    Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):969-73.

Neurological Impact of Omega-3's

• Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
  • Peet M, Stokes C.
    Drugs. 2005;65(8):1051-99
• Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain.
  • Singh M.
    Indian J Pediatr. 2005 Mar;72(3):239-42.
• Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
  •  Horrocks LA, Yeo YK.
    Pharmacol Res. 1999 Sep;40(3):211-25.
• Brain development and assessing the supply of polyunsaturated fatty acid.
  • Clandinin MT.
    Lipids. 1999 Feb;34(2):131-7
• Roles of unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega-3 fatty acids) in the brain at various ages and during ageing.
  •  Bourre JM.
    J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(3):163-74.
• Essential fatty acids and the brain.
  •  Haag M.
    Can J Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;48(3):195-203.
• Lipids, depression and suicide
  • Colin A, Reggers J, Castronovo V, Ansseau M.
    Encephale. 2003 Jan-Feb;29(1):49-58.
• Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • Young G, Conquer J.
    Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005 Jan-Feb;45(1):1-28.

Other nutrients that heal Metabolic Syndrome: Vanadium

• Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity and appetite.
  • Wang J, Yuen VG, McNeill JH.
    Metabolism. 2001 Jun;50(6):667-73.
• Effect of vanadium(IV) compounds in the treatment of diabetes: in vivo and in vitro studies with vanadyl sulfate and bis(maltolato)oxovandium(IV).
  • Willsky GR, Goldfine AB, Kostyniak PJ, McNeill JH, Yang LQ, Khan HR, Crans DC.
    J Inorg Biochem. 2001 May;85(1):33-42.
• Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.
  • Cusi K, Cukier S, DeFronzo RA, Torres M, Puchulu FM, Redondo JC.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Mar;86(3):1410-7.
• Effect of long-term treatment with vanadate in drinking water on KK mice with genetic non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  • Ding W, Hasegawa T, Hosaka H, Peng D, Takahashi K, Seko Y.
    Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 May;80(2):159-74.
• Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies.
  • Goldfine AB, Patti ME, Zuberi L, Goldstein BJ, LeBlanc R, Landaker EJ, Jiang ZY, Willsky GR, Kahn CR.
    Metabolism. 2000 Mar;49(3):400-10.
• Vanadium and diabetes.
  • Poucheret P, Verma S, Grynpas MD, McNeill JH.
    Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 Nov;188(1-2):73-80.

Other nutrients that heal Metabolic Syndrome: Chromium

• Overproduction of insulin in the chromium-deficient rat.
  • Striffler JS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA.
    Metabolism. 1999 Aug;48(8):1063-8.
• Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes.
  • Anderson RA.
    Diabetes Metab. 2000 Feb;26(1):22-7.
• Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans.
  • Anderson RA., Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans.
    Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;26(1 Pt 2):S35-41.
  • Mertz W., Chromium in human nutrition: a review.
    J Nutr. 1993 Apr;123(4):626-33.

Other nutrients that heal Metabolic Syndrome: Magnesium

• Magnesium in diabetes mellitus.
  • de Valk HW.
    Neth J Med. 1999 Apr;54(4):139-46.
• Low dietary magnesium is associated with Insulin Resistance in a sample of young, nondiabetic Black Americans.
  • Humphries S, Kushner H, Falkner B.
    Am J Hypertens. 1999 Aug;12(8 Pt 1):747-56.
• Effects of insulin on plasma magnesium in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for Insulin Resistance.
  • Alzaid AA, Dinneen SF, Moyer TP, Rizza RA.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Apr;80(4):1376-81.

Other nutrients that heal Metabolic Syndrome: Alpha Lipoic Acid

• Lipoic acid acutely induces hypoglycemia in fasting nondiabetic and diabetic rats.
  • Khamaisi M, Rudich A, Potashnik R, Tritschler HJ, Gutman A, Bashan N.
    Metabolism. 1999 Apr;48(4):504-10.
• Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  • Yaworsky K, Somwar R, Ramlal T, Tritschler HJ, Klip A.
    Diabetologia. 2000 Mar;43(3):294-303.
• Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials.
  • Ziegler D, Reljanovic M, Mehnert H, Gries FA.
    Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1999;107(7):421-30.
• Alpha-lipoic acid: effect on glucose uptake, sorbitol pathway, and energy metabolism in experimental diabetic neuropathy.
  • Kishi Y, Schmelzer JD, Yao JK, Zollman PJ, Nickander KK, Tritschler HJ, Low PA.
    Diabetes. 1999 Oct;48(10):2045-51.
• Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  • Evans JL, Goldfine ID.
    Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000 Autumn;2(3):401-13.

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